Proteins {calmodulin protein kinase} {calcium protein kinase} (CaMK) {calcium-calmodulin protein} can phosphorylate, enter cell nucleus, and activate CREB gene.
Proteins {calmodulin-binding protein} can bind to calmodulin and perhaps bind to actin.
At high concentrations, cAMP-dependent protein-kinase catalytic subunits {cAMP-dependent protein kinase} phosphorylate transcription factors, such as cAMP-response element binding protein-1 (CREB-1), C/EBP transcription factor, and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which express genes in cell nucleus to initiate change or growth. Repeated action potentials, from stress or high activity, make cAMP-dependent protein kinase concentration high.
Calcium ion entry can activate proteins {cAMP-response element} {cyclic-AMP response element} (CRE) (CRE-1) {cAMP-response element binding protein-1} (CREB-1) {CREB protein} that bind to regulatory regions and activate cyclic-AMP and cyclic-AMP-receptor genes. CREB also activates immediate early genes, such as ubiquitin hydrolase and C/EBP transcription factor, to initiate synaptic growth. CREB regulates endorphin production.
Enzymes {caspase 9} can cause neuron death and so prune networks.
Proteins {C/EBP transcription factor} {C-EBP transcription factor} can activate synaptic protein genes.
Molecules {CREB enhancer} can increase CREB protein by inhibiting phosphodiesterase.
Molecules {CREB suppressor} can decrease CREB protein.
Enzymes {mitogen-activated protein kinase} {MAP kinase} (MAPK) can phosphorylate CREB-2 repressor to prevent CREB-1 binding to CRE-1. MAPK8 regulates cell movement.
Amines {octopamine} can be neuromodulators for behavior.
Enzyme series {phospholipid cascade}| can regulate intracellular phospholipid by regulating gene transcription. Calcium ion, phosphorylation, and phospholipid pathways regulate each other.
Enzyme series {phosphotidylinositol cascade} can regulate intracellular phospholipid by regulating gene transcription.
Enzymes {protein kinase A} (PKA) can phosphorylate and activate mitogen-activated protein kinases.
Proteins {spectrin} {fodrin} can bind to actin and calmodulin.
Proteins {synapsin} can phosphorylate by causing calcium-ion influx.
Proteins {tissue plasminogen activator} (tPA) can activate genes for neuron terminals and spines.
Amines {tyramine} can be neuromodulators for behavior.
Enzymes {tyrosine hydroxylase} (TH) can be rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis. Increased neuronal firing increases catecholamine-pathway enzyme synthesis in perikarya. Axons transport enzymes to axon terminals. Catecholamine pathway requires pteridine, iron, and oxygen and converts tyrosine to L-DOPA. Dopamine and norepinephrine inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase by feedback inhibition. Stressful stimuli increase TH. Acetylcholine phosphorylates TH using cyclic AMP.
Enzymes {ubiquitin hydrolase} can be in ubiquitin proteasomes, break down PKA regulatory subunit in sense neurons, and so enhance catalysis, typically when cAMP is decreasing.
4-Zoology-Organ-Nerve-Neural Chemical
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Date Modified: 2022.0225